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Making Contact
A Good Practice Guide: How to involve and communicate with
deafblind people
Making contact with deafblind people can be easy. This guide will help
show you how.
Introduction
"Making Contact" is a good practice guide on communication and
consulting with deafblind and dual sensory impaired people. It has been
compiled on the basis of the experience and expertise of deafblind and
sighted-hearing professionals working in the field of deafblindness.
Part One describes how to make contact with deafblind people, some of the
methods of communication used, good practice in ' communication and how
and when to use an interpreter. Description of a Communicator-Guide
Service and advice is also included.
Part Two includes an outline of good practice in consulting with
deafblind people.
Part Three refers to planning meetings and conferences involving
deafblind people. A Code of Practice for meetings is also included.
This Guide will be a useful reference for those who come into contact with
deafblind people in any capacity.
This guide does not cover congenitally deafblind people or deafblind people
with severe learning disabilities.
WHO ARE DEAFBLIND PEOPLE?
Deafblind people are PEOPLE. They come from all walks of life and
backgrounds. Deafblind people have the same human need to have contact
with other people. Human contact, communication and access to
information is an essential part of deafblind people's everyday existence.
Their quality of life and opportunities particularly depend on other people
taking their part in making that contact, communication and access to
information possible.
What is deafblindness?
Deafblindness is the combination of both hearing and sight impairment. It is
not necessarily a reference to total loss of both senses - indeed
the majority of deafblind people do have some degree of residual
hearing and/or sight. Those with a less severe degree of both sight and
hearing impairment may also be referred to as having a dual sensory
impairment or loss.
A person is regarded as deafblind (or having a significant "dual
sensory impairment"), when the combination of their two sensory
impairments intensify the impact of each other, and prevent the individual
functioning fully as a blind or partially-sighted person who can hear, or a deaf
or hard-of-hearing person who can see.
For example:
* A blind person with good hearing will to some extent use their hearing to
compensate for their visual impairment. This will include listening for
approaching traffic when crossing roads, and using audio tapes as
a means of accessing and recording information;
* A deaf or hard-of-hearing person with good sight will use their vision
instead of hearing. This will include use of visual forms of communication
such as lip-reading and sign language, and the use of teletext, subtitles
and textphones.
A deafblind person will have difficulty, or find it impossible, to utilise
and benefit fully from services for deaf people or services for blind people.
Meeting the needs of deafblind people therefore requires a separate and
unique* approach.
THE NEEDS OF DEAFBLIND PEOPLE
Deafblind people particularly experience problems with communication,
access to information and mobility. Many of these difficulties, however, are
not directly related to the disability itself, but are due to the lack of services
designed to meet their needs.
A lack of awareness of how we can provide access to information, make
contact and communicate with deafblind people compounds the problem.
The following pages will explain how we can meet the communication and
access needs of deafblind people.
Making Direct Contact
When you approach a deafblind person it is important to bear the following
points in mind:
They may not be aware that you are there, of who you are, or that you wish
to speak to them. If a person is unsure of who you are, whether you
are a man or woman, or what your capacity is - for example, a doctor, nurse
or receptionist - they may become confused and embarrassed.
They may also be occupied in doing something and, if they depend upon a
form of manual communication, such as sign language or deafblind manual,
they will need to finish or stop what they are doing before they can give you
their full attention.
IT IS EXPECTED AND POLITE THAT:
1. Once you have let someone know you wish to speak to them, to
wait for them to finish what they are doing and put things down before
attempting to speak to them.
2. At the very beginning of a conversation, identify yourself by name and,
where necessary, who you are.
WITH THE ABOVE IN MIND:
* Try to let the person know you are there as you approach.
If possible approach from in front rather than from behind - if they have
some vision they may see you coming.
* Try addressing them, by name if known, if you think they may be
able to hear speech or some sounds. The deafblind person will not
necessarily know you are speaking to them, unless you start with their name
or touch their arm or shoulder first.
* The person may sense that someone is there by other means - such
as a draught from body movement or a door being opened or closed,
shadow, vibration caused by foot steps on a wooden floor, or scent which
a person is wearing. Too much aftershave or perfume might
be overpowering at close quarters though!
* If it appears that the person has not noticed you approaching,
or does not seem to have picked up that you wish to speak to them, touch
their arm or shoulder lightly. Do not tap repeatedly, grab hold or try to
take their hand. This can be very distracting or irritating.
* The person will then know that you are there and are waiting to speak to
them. If they use a manual form of communication and are occupied
or holding something, they may not be able to respond immediately.
ONCE YOU HAVE THE PERSON'S ATTENTION:
* Make sure that you identify yourself by name. If you are
someone they don't know, say who you are - for instance, the doctor, nurse
or receptionist.
* Bear in mind that the words you speak may be the only real information
the deafblind person is receiving about you. If there is more than
one person with the same first name - for example John Smith and John
Brown, make sure the deafblind person knows which you are. Similarly, if
you have a unisex name, or one which is not obviously a male or female
name, it is helpful to identify whether you are a man or woman.
This will avoid possible embarrassment and confusion.
Communicating Directly With Deafblind People:
WHAT METHODS DO THEY USE?
This will depend upon what method(s) of receptive and expressive
communication the individual uses. The methods used are influenced by
how much hearing and vision the individual has, and the age of onset
of deafness and blindness.
HOW DO I KNOW WHAT METHOD(S) THEY USE?
If you do not know the person you wish to speak to and have no information
about their preferred means of communication, do not make assumptions.
The following possible scenarios may help you establish how to
communicate with them:+
* You observe someone else conversing with the deafblind person - this will
give you some idea of how they communicate. Don't necessarily
assume that the method they are using, such as sign language or deafblind
manual, is the only one they can use - they may be able to use other forms
of communication.
* You hear the person speaking. This does not mean they can hear speech.
Many people become profoundly deaf in adulthood after they have learnt to
speak.
* You observe the deafblind person listening to another person speaking -
you will know they are able to hear some speech. However, they will not
necessarily be able to hear you speaking (See section on Methods of
Communication, "Clear Speech and Lip-reading'). Do also be aware that
hearing aids do not necessarily enable someone to hear speech - some
people wear hearing aids just to pick up environmental sounds.
* You observe the person reading print. If there is no other way
you are able to communicate, you could try writing what you want to say on
paper. (See section on Methods of Communication, "Communicating
through Writing Notes').
* You observe that they do not respond to someone speaking to them at
close quarters. They may be profoundly deaf and unable to hear speech.
Although, if it is a noisy environment such as a railway station or busy
office, it might just be that they can't hear above the background noise. If
they have sufficient vision, they may use lip-reading, visual sign language or
written notes.
* You observe that the person uses lip-reading or visual sign
language. You will know they can use these methods of communication, but
because of limited sight, they may need to lip-read or follow signs close up,
or within a restricted visual frame. Alternatively, they may need to use
hands-on signing (a system where the deafblind person follows the signs
though tactile means by placing their hands over those of the signer).
* You observe the person does not respond to visual or spoken
communication.
It is likely that the person is profoundly deaf and has a severe
visual impairment, which makes receptive speech and visual communication
impractical. They may use deafblind manual and/or the block alphabet.
If the deafblind person is aware that you want to speak to them,
or is wanting to speak to you, they will probably try to explain how to
communicate. Listen to and watch them carefully, the person may
demonstrate how you can communicate. Some people will carry a card
which explains what you need to know about their disability and how to
communicate with them.
GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION
IN MEDICAL SETTINGS
During any kind of medical treatment the following guidelines should
be observed:
* Make sure you take your time to explain the treatment to the
deafblind person and are certain that they have fully understood.
* As with any other patient, the deafblind person's expressed
consent to the treatment is needed before any treatment is carried out.
Deafblind people have the same right to refuse treatment if they so wish.
* While explaining the treatment, or asking the patient questions before or
during treatment, avoid touching them at the same time -- it is
very hard to concentrate on sign language or deafblind manual while being
touched by another person.
* Before commencing treatment, for example administering eye
drops or inserting a needle, ensure that the interpreter has informed the
patient of what is about to happen.
Methods of Communication:
Here are the main methods of communication used by deafblind
people. Some of these are easy to learn to use:
CLEAR SPEECH and lip-reading
* Check how close and in what position the individual needs you so that
they can hear and see you clearly.
* Avoid noisy places and background noise. If it is not
possible to move to a quiet room, try to reduce background noise -- for
example turn music or TV down or off, shut doors and windows, ask people
to be quiet.
* Ensure that the room is well and evenly lit and that any direct light is
behind the person you are speaking to and on your face. This is especially
important if the person lip-reads, or wants to focus on your face to pick
up facial expression.
Avoid direct sunlight or bright spotlights. These will dazzle
the deafblind person and make lip-reading difficult or impossible. It may help
to draw curtains or blinds and move around to achieve the necessary lighting
arrangements.
* Check with the person at what level and pace to speak. Do not assume
you need to raise your voice. Be sure to speak clearly in a normal
tone of voice.
* Keep your hands away from your mouth and face, do not fidget
or cause noise since this will distract the person listening.
* If the person uses a hearing aid with a microphone they may
ask you to speak into the microphone.
COMMUNICATING THROUGH NOTE WRITING
* Use a good quality black felt tip pen on white paper.
* Establish with the deafblind person how large the letters need to be for
them to be able to read comfortably.
* Make sure there is sufficient light for the individual to read easily. They
may want to hold the paper up to the light or place it under a table lamp on
a table or desk.
* Ask if they prefer you to write in both upper and lower case,
or all in capitals.
* Write in neat, clear handwriting -- leaving ample spaces at
the end of words and between lines.
* Ensure the meaning is clear -- use full punctuation and keep
sentences short and concise.
BLOCK ALPHABET
The Block Alphabet is a simple system used by some deafblind
people. With your forefinger spell out complete words by drawing the shape
of capital letters on the palm of the deafblind person's hand. Use the
whole palm for each letter, keeping them large and clear. Place one letter
over the top of the last. Do not attempt to write across the palm as you
would on a sheet of paper and keep your pen in your pocket!
A few tips to keep in mind:
* Pause slightly at the end of each word making sure the person
is able to follow what you are saying.
* Letters should generally be drawn from left to right and from top to
bottom.
* Letters M, N, U, V and W should be drawn keeping the finger on
the palm and not in separate strokes.
* Numbers can alternatively be drawn as figures. Do not use
the Continental 7 as this is easily confused with 2.
Please see the Block Alphabet chart below.
DEAFBLIND MANUAL ALPHABET ( otherwise known as FINGER-SPELLING)
The Deafblind Manual Alphabet is an easy to learn alphabet with
one sign for each letter. (With the exception of a few letters, it is the
same as the deaf alphabet.) You can finger-spell on the deafblind person's
left or right hand - check with the individual which hand they prefer to
receive on. You may use either your left or right hand for deafblind manual.
Spell out each word letter by letter, pausing slightly at the end of each
word.
Please see the Deafblind Manual Alphabet chart below.
When using the Block or Deafblind Manual Alphabet, it is good
to keep in mind:
* You should both be comfortable,
* void gripping the deafblind person's wrist as this may cut off the
circulation and can be very uncomfortable. Simply support his
wrist with your open hand beneath.
* Both people should be either sitting or standing -- if one person is sitting
and the other standing both people's arms will get very tired.
* Avoid having to lean over, stretch out or otherwise sit
badly. Any of these can make manual communication harder and more tiring
than it needs to be.
* Check which standing or sitting position suits both of you and the
situation:
sitting side by side; sitting facing each other; standing facing
each other.
Sign Language
British Sign Language (BSL) is the language of the Deaf community
and is used by many people who were born profoundly deaf. As with any
language BSL takes time to learn. A qualified interpreter with the appropriate
deafblind skills may be needed to communicate effectively.
Deafblind people may follow sign language in a number of different ways.
These include:
* Visual Frame Signing (VFS): This refers to keeping the
signing within the visual frame of a deafblind person who has a reduced field
of vision. It is important to check with the individual what their visual field is
and at what distance to stand. (If you sign to one side of the deafblind
person or they are not looking directly at you they will not see you or what
you are signing).
* Close Signing (CS): Close signing is used by some deafblind
people who can only follow the signs close up. You will need to check at
what distance and speed to sign. Signs will need to be kept within their
particular field of vision.
* Hands-On Signing (HOS). This system is used by some deafblind people
who do not have enough vision to follow signing in its visual form. The
deafblind person will place their hands over those of the signer, or hold the
signer's wrists, in order to follow.
SIGN SYSTEMS
There are sign systems, including Sign Supported English (SSE)
and Paget Gorman. But they are not easy to learn. Like BSL, it may be
necessary to communicate through a skilled interpreter.
TADOMA -- A few deafblind people use Tadoma. This involves the
deafblind person resting a hand on the speaker's or interpreter's throat
and using the vibration and movement to help follow speech.
Good Practice in Communication
When communicating with deafblind people, it is important to bear in mind:
SPEED OF COMMUNICATION: It will usually be slower than between two
hearing people and you will need to get used to this. Remember that the
deafblind person may also find communication slow -- you are not the only
one. Be patient -- it gets easier with practice. Please allow more time for
communication with deafblind people.
CLOSE CONTACT: When communicating in close contact, both parties
should be aware of personal hygiene and cleanliness. Please make sure your
hands are clean and nails are not broken or sharp. Long nails and rings
are not usually a problem. But if you do have a large or sharp-edged ring, do
take care that it does not catch on the other person's hand.
USE OF VISION: It is important that a signer stands or sits
against a contrasting, plain and uncluttered background. With many
methods of communication, clothing should be plain and contrast well with
the colour of hands.
BUILDING CONTACT AND RELATIONSHIPS: Direct contact with a
deafblind person is a very personal and individual thing. Not only is there
necessary physical contact and closeness, but also a need to build an
understanding and knowledge of each other, and most important, trust.
People with sight and hearing make eye contact. They observe (often
subconsciously) each other's appearance and actions. This natural contact
and two-way flow of communication enables them to build an impression
of one another.
A deafblind person will, at best, have difficulty observing what
is happening and will not be able to form an overall impression of another
person. As a result, some deafblind people will be cautious about contact
with new people, or with those with whom they have not yet built an
understanding and trusting relationship. Building a trusting relationship with
deafblind people, as with anyone else, depends upon good communication
and the presence of positive attitudes.
EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION:
Building a relationship between two people requires a two-way flow of
information about each other. Such an exchange is natural. However,
regardless of their genuineness, asking intrusive and personal questions of
deafblind people is no more acceptable than asking anyone else.
Questions such as: "can you hear me ok?" and "Can I help at all", are fine.
But personal questions such as "how old are you?" and "how much have
you in the bank?", are not.
* IDENTIFY YOURSELF: Ensure the person knows who you are.
* SPEAK AND COMMUNICATE WITH RESPECT: Avoid seeming to be
patronising and show respect. Communication and access to information is
often slow. Consequently, the person could take longer to respond or make
decisions.
* TAKE YOUR TIME: Explain things fully and clearly at the pace
the individual is able to follow. Trying to rush communication, omitting part
of the information, or getting impatient can easily undermine confidence
and lead to unnecessary confusion or misunderstandings.
* BE DIRECT: Ensure that the words you use clearly convey the
true meaning and context of what you want to communicate. Do not
convey a different message or meaning through facial expression, body
language or tone of voice. If your face or voice are saying "no", be sure the
same message is directly communicated to the deafblind person.
* CONVEY ATMOSPHERE AND MEANING: Feelings, including frustration
and humour, can and should be conveyed when in contact with deafblind
people. It can be embarrassing and disconcerting when one is unsure of
others' reactions and whether someone is tired, joking or serious.
Communicate feelings in words, or use agreed signs to convey certain
things. For example, laughter, or the fact that something is said jokingly,
can be indicated by repeating the letters "hahaha" in deafblind manual.
BE DISCREET: Often when in contact with deafblind people you will become
involved at a personal level. You may, for example, be asked to
assist in writing out a cheque, buying something personal from a shop, or
showing them where the toilet is. At such times discretion and respect for
their right to privacy is most important! Imparting information you have had
access to, or drawing unwelcome and unnecessary attention when providing
assistance, is a serious breach of respect and trust.
It is also important not to voice things of a private or personal
nature that the deafblind person needs to know but do not need to be
general knowledge.
This could include a physical description of other people or responses to
questions from the deafblind person on subjects such as what other people
are doing.
Contact with Deafblind People Through an Interpreter
WHAT IS A DEAFBLIND INTERPRETER?
An interpreter trained and qualified to work with deafblind
people is a professional who acts as a communication link between the
deafblind person and other people.
The interpreter will relay to the deafblind person, in their preferred mode of
communication and speed of reception, exactly what is said by the
other person. The interpreter will also relay visual and other non
verbal information, for example reactions to what has been said, other
people moving about and what they are doing.
The interpreter is independent and at no time should become involved in the
conversation, other than, where necessary, to ask people to repeat or slow
down in order that the deafblind person can follow what
is being said. An interpreter working with a deafblind person will also
act as a guide where required, for example, to, from and during a meeting,
hospital appointment or shopping trip. This also includes lunch and
refreshment periods, although it may be agreed before an assignment, by the
deafblind person and the interpreter, that another person able to
communicate with the deafblind person will take over at these times.
Normally, interpreters work with deafblind people on a one-to-one
basis and cannot interpret for more than one person at a time. The
exception may be a small number of deafblind people who use sign and have
wide enough residual vision to follow a sign language interpreter, or relay
interpreter, who may be used by more than one person. However, most
deafblind people who use a sign language interpreter will need them on a
one-to-one basis.
The method of reception employed varies from person to person.
For example, people may use Visual Frame Signing, Close Signing or
Hands-on Signing. It is therefore important to ensure that an interpreter with
the appropriate skills to suit the individual deafblind person is employed.
Sign language interpreters working with deafblind people will
either facilitate communication between the deafblind person and hearing
person directly, or as a relay interpreter, between the deafblind person
and the main platform interpreter.
When Should a deafblind Interpreter be Used?
Every effort should be made to communicate directly with deafblind people
on a one-to-one basis. However an interpreter should be used:
* To facilitate any conversation between a deafblind person and
another person if:
* When either party is unable to communicate directly with the other, or
* It is felt by either party to be more effective or convenient to
use an interpreter.
* Fora conversation, meeting, appointment or interview involving the
deafblind person and more than one other person.
* During a conference, consultation meeting, church service, and social
events or activities at which a deafblind person will be participating.
A deafblind person using a tactile form of communication will only be able
to communicate directly with one person at a time, and will therefore need
an interpreter to relay communication to him from each person present.
In exceptional circumstances, usually informal or social, where
all members of a small group are proficient in the
communication methods used by the deafblind person, it may be possible for
each person to communicate directly with them and voice to the rest of the
group at the same time.
Guidelines for Communicating Through an Interpreter
The interpreter will not take part in the conversation. The interpreter, as
with a telephone, is simply the medium by which you make contact
and communicate with the deafblind person. The interpreter should
not be asked questions about the deafblind person, or anything related to the
conversation or subject of the assignment.
In a one-to-one meeting with a deafblind person, and others where
the pace can be controlled, the aim will be for the interpreter to relay
verbatim what is said. No part of what is being communicated should be
omitted -- as full a picture of what is said, how it is said, and of what is
happening should be relayed. In a meeting such as a church service where it
is not possible to control the pace, the interpreter may need to paraphrase.
Address yourself directly to the deafblind person and not the
interpreter.
For example, if you want to ask if they would like a drink, say
"Jane, would you like a drink?" and not "interpreter, can you ask her if she
wants a drink?"
Speak clearly in short and concise sentences. Pause to think of
what to say and the best way to explain something, rather than ramble and
creating extra work for the interpreter and deafblind person.
Check at what pace to speak with the deafblind person and the
interpreter.
You will know when the interpreter has finished relaying what you have said
when they stops signing or manualling. If the deafblind person is
receiving through a computer system connected to a braille display (text to
braille), wait until the deafblind person has stopped reading the braille
display before continuing.
The interpreter has the right to ask the person speaking to slow
down, repeat, or where something is not understood, to rephrase the
sentence.
Ensure the deafblind person has time to respond to what you have
said before you carry on. There will usually be a pause between when you
finish speaking and when the person finishes receiving. They may also need
to pause and consider what you have said before responding.
Do not distract the deafblind person's attention while the interpreter is
communicating with them. Wait until the interpreter has finished
before touching the deafblind person, trying to shake hands or carrying
out any form of medical treatment such as injection or dentistry. (Please
also see the sections on "Consulting With Deafblind People" and "Medical
settings".
Time for interpreter breaks should be allocated. Interpreting is
very tiring, both physically and mentally (both for the interpreter and the
deafblind person). A minimum five minute break every half an hour is
recommended. While an interpreter is having this break they should not be
asked to undertake any other role, such as voicing over, note taking or
guiding. If there is no other interpreter to take over during the break,
proceedings must cease until the break is over. Similarly, if the deafblind
person also requires a break proceedings must cease.
Communicator Guide Services
The Communicator-Guide Service provides deafblind and dual
sensory impaired people with support to meet communication, information
and mobility needs.
A Communicator-Guide is a human facilitator who acts as the eyes
and ears of the deafblind person to enable two-way communication with
other people, access to information and a means of travelling and moving
about in different locations. A Communicator-Guide will visit the deafblind
person at home, read correspondence, assist with bills, forms and telephone
calls, accompany the deafblind person as a guide and interpreter on activities
including shopping, visits to friends, clubs, medical appointments and a
whole range of other business, recreational and leisure activities.
Communicator-Guides are enablers. They do not replace services
normally provided rehabilitation workers, or social workers.
A Communicator-Guide should be trained to interpret in informal
situations, but should not interpret in formal situations unless they have
interpreting level qualifications.
How to Guide a Deafblind Person
Many deafblind people need support with getting around just as much as
with communication. Guiding is therefore an integral part of support services
for deafblind people. It should not be seen as a separate service.
When and how often a deafblind person needs to be guided will depend on
the individual's residual hearing and vision, whether they experiences night
blindness, or whether they has poor balance and how much this affects
them.
It will also depend on the circumstances of the travelling
required: whether the journey is a familiar one; whether the journey requires
communication with people on the way; when shopping or going to meetings
and appointments. Whatever the situation the person providing support is
there equally to assist with communication and guiding.
If you think a person needs or wants to be guided, ask them first
and if they accepts, offer your arm.
Different people like to be guided in different ways:
* By holding your elbow or the arm just above the elbow;
* By placing his arm inside yours and holding your forearm
lightly;
Never try to grab hold of, push or drag a person. All are
dangerous, frightening and can easily cause accidents.
When guiding, it is best to be half a pace ahead of the person
you are guiding. This will make it easier to steer and avoid bumping
into obstacles.
HOW FAST DO I WALK?
The speed of walking will depend on the individual you are guiding.
Whatever the walking pace of the person, last minute dashes for trains and
buses should be avoided!
TO A CHAIR
Place their hand on the back of the chair, or the arm or seat. The
person will then locate the position of the chair themselves.
THROUGH NARROW SPACES
Pass your guiding arm behind your back so that the person you are
guiding moves in behind you; then walk slowly in single file.
UP AND DOWN STAIRS
Place the person's hand on the handrail and, depending on the
space available, walk either in front or beside THEM, with THEIR other
hand on your >more. If there is no handrail or wall to follow, indicate this
before starting to ascend or descend.
When stepping off or up a kerb, you can raise or drop your
guiding arm slightly. You should move up or down the step before the
deafblind person.
ON AND OFF AN ESCALATOR
Inform the deafblind person that you are about to get on. Bring your guiding
arm behind your back, thus walking in single file. With your right hand,
place the person's right hand on the moving handrail. Then step on the
escalator. As you approach the end let them take your guiding arm and walk
off the escalator.
INTO A CAR
Put their hand on the door handle and let them open it and get in
themselves. They will be able to feel the height of the roof and avoid
banging their head.
ONTO A BUS
Try to be the first in the queue, so that you have more time to find seats
before the bus moves off. Lead the deafblind person on in single file,
showing them the handrail before they step on. Walk to the nearest seat
behind the driver and place their hand on a rail adjacent to the seat, or on the
seat itself, whichever is easier. There is usually a notice asking passengers
to give up these seats to disabled people.
If you do have to stand on a bus, make sure the deafblind person has a
handrail to hold onto.
ONTO A TRAIN
Do not run to catch a train. Make sure the person you are guiding has a
handrail to hold onto if there is one; then step onto the train, pausing to
make sure the other person steps over the gap. (If the gap is rather big or
the step unusually high, make sure you warn the person you are guiding).
Guiding to seats is best done in single file. If at all possible try to find seats
before the train moves as it will be difficult to move along a swaying train
with someone who has poor balance.
Please ask other people to give up seats near the doors - there is usually a
notice indicating these should be given to disabled people.
Consulting with Deafblind People
An important part of service provision for deafblind and dual
sensory impaired people is consulting with them directly, either as
individuals or as a group. Given the nature of deafblindness and the slower
pace at which deafblind people communicate, it will not be possible to
integrate them into a consultation meeting with other groups of service
users. Here we offer advice on how to facilitate and support effective
consultation.
Many elderly deafblind people who have acquired one or both sensory
impairments later in life may experience particular difficulty. When their
sight and hearing has deteriorated to a certain point, they can
no longer use methods of communication and access to information to which
they are accustomed. This will be true of some people who are referred
through the core assessment process and/or have not yet received
appropriate support to meet their needs. People in this kind of situation are
likely to appear confused, frustrated and disorientated.
However, it could equally be said that those attempting to communicate with
the deafblind person have not established what methods they use, or do not
have the necessary skills. In either case, ways of communicating will need
to be found before meaningful consultation can take place. If you are unable
to communicate directly with a deafblind person, it may help to
consider the following:
* Is there a friend, relative or professional worker who can
communicate with this person or advise you on how to communicate with
them yourself?
* Do they wear glasses and/or hearing aids? If so, are they
being used -- are hearing aids working? Would new glasses and/or hearing
aids help?
* Is a loop system needed to help them hear better?
* D you require an interpreter and with what type of
communication skills?
Deafblind people are often effectively cut off from the outside
world; many will have no prior knowledge of social services, community care
and services for deafblind people. It is therefore important that the purpose
of social services and consultation meetings are explained in
understandable terms which relate to the deafblind person's own
circumstances.
Similarly, the range of services which the deafblind person could use, or ask
to be provided, must be described or referred to in practical terms, which
again must relate to the deafblind person's needs. For example, a
Communicator-Guide Service could be mentioned either on the basis
of asking if they need assistance with shopping, reading post, going for a
walk, or any of the many other activities covered by this Service.
Alternatively, it could be described as the service which will help them to do
activities and solve problems they have mentioned.
Planning and Managing Group Consultation Meetings
To plan an effective group consultation meeting involving a
deafblind person, the following points must be taken into account:
The communication, information and mobility needs of those who will attend
must be identified. On the basis of this information arrangements will need
to be made to accommodate these needs. This will include transport and
guiding to and from the venue and individual interpreters for each deafblind
person. A loop system should be available. (See the sections on "Deafblind
Interpreters" and "How to Guide a Deafblind Person" for further details).
A suitable venue will need to be identified. The venue must be able to
accommodate all participants' needs.
All those who are invited to attend will need to be informed of
the meeting and its purpose. Information must be sent to each person in the
format they can read. If this is not possible, or some people have no means
of access to written, taped or videoed communication, a representative from
the agency or authority organising the meeting will need to visit them at
home to "communicate" the information to them.
Plenty of time needs to be allowed for setting up and testing
equipment before the meeting is due to start. This could include testing
an induction loop, setting up a palantype screen for one user to follow and
arranging lighting and seating for other users.
Such consultation meetings move at a very slow pace. Set aside
the whole morning or afternoon to ensure people have plenty of time and are
not rushed.
The person who chairs the meeting must be patient and have a good
understanding of deafblindness, the needs of deafblind people and their
interpreters in a group meeting.
An agenda should be set which clearly identifies the main
subjects to be discussed. The agenda must be distributed to all who will be
attending at least one week before the meeting takes place.
During the meeting, it will be necessary to encourage all
deafblind people to participate. This can be achieved by going round the
room, giving each person an opportunity to respond to each question or
point.
If you would like further advice on consulting with deafblind
people please email us at consultation@deafblind-access.com
Organising and Planning Meetings and Conferences
When making arrangements for a meeting of any kind there are many
points of action and considerations to be borne in mind. No list of
considerations is exhaustive but the bottom line is that you should always
consult with the deafblind person as to what their needs are in relation to the
proposed meeting.
PREPARATION:
Before any arrangements are made the organiser will need to know:
The method(s) of communication each deafblind person will be
using at the meeting. This will inform the organiser of the type of
interpreter(s) which need to be booked and whether the interpreter will also
be required to "voice over". A voice over will be required if the deafblind
person has no speech, or has unclear speech which makes it hard for others
to understand them.
How to contact each deafblind person to invite them to the meeting.
How each deafblind person will be able to travel to the venue, and whether
they will need to be guided to, from and during the meeting.
Where to obtain suitable interpreters and other necessary facilities. This
will include induction loop systems, braille and large print copies of
information.
Now you will be in a position to plan the meeting. SETTING
DATES:
Meeting dates should be set well in advance to ensure availability of
interpreters. The following time scales are the recommended
minimum:
For day time and evening meetings during the week, set a date
four weeks in advance.
For meetings at weekends, set a date eight weeks in advance.
For events lasting more than one day, set a date 12 weeks in
advance.
All interpreters should be booked at the same time as the date is
set.
If you have regular meetings over a period of time (up to 12
months) -- for example committee meetings or medical appointments -- it is a
good idea to set all dates and book all interpreters at the same time. This
will not only make it much easier to plan and book interpreters, but will also
save on administration costs and time.
BOOKING INTERPRETERS:
Establish the type of interpreter needed for each deafblind
person attending. For example deafblind manual, hands-on signing, speech
to text or BSL interpreter. When making the bookings specify the correct
type.
In the same way that some people prefer to see a particular doctor deafblind
people often prefer to work with certain interpreters whom they are familiar
with and trust. This is perfectly reasonable, especially so where
meetings and events of a personal nature, such as medical appointments or
financial business, are concerned. Whatever the nature of the meeting, the
organiser and interpreter agency must make themselves aware of such
preferences and make every effort to book those people.
GUIDING NEEDS
Many deafblind people will need to be guided (escorted) as an integral part
of the assignment.
The individual's guiding needs will not only depend upon their
combined sight and hearing impairment but also on the nature, timing and
location of the event.
For instance, some deafblind people may not need to be guided within a
building they are familiar with, but may need to be guided from home to the
shops or hospital, between and around shops or parts of the hospital and
home again.
Similarly, a person who has difficulty seeing in the dark may be
able to make his own way to an event starting during hours of daylight, but
may need assistance in getting home after dark.
The deafblind person's guiding needs must be checked (in
consultation with themselves) for each assignment and clearly stated and
incorporated in the booking.
It should not be assumed that all interpreters automatically
expect to act as an escort. For this reason the guiding role required needs to
be agreed with the interpreter(s) and the agency handling the booking.
If the deafblind person lives a long way from the interpreter, or
it would mean considerably more travel time for the interpreter, it may be
more practical for the deafblind person to be escorted to and from the
main venue by another person (who must be able to communicate effectively
with them).
When booking deafblind support services (dbss), it is recommended that a
booking form such as the one included below is used.
FEES AND CANCELLATIONS
Most freelance interpreters and interpreter Agencies set their own fee levels,
policies on minimum call out charges and cancellation fees. We would
advise on checking details before making a booking and suggest it is worth
comparing charges made by different providers.
TIPS FOR BOOKING AND USING TAXIS
Taxis may be considered as a means of getting deafblind people to
and from meetings. It must be remembered however that taxi drivers do not
often have the necessary skills to communicate with or guide deafblind
people. This, together with the tendency of many drivers to expect the
passenger to direct them, can lead to serious difficulties. If a taxi is to be
used the following tips will help to avoid problems:
Use the same firm regularly - it helps when they become accustomed to
assisting deafblind people
Avoid problems over cash fares and other disputes - agree the fare and use
an account - you will then also have an invoice for later reference
Ask that the driver always uses a sat nav to lessen the chance of getting lost
- deafblind people are unlikely to be able to direct drivers!
When booking provide the full postal address & postcode for both pick-up
and destination.
Give the taxi company a clear explanation of how the driver can
communicate with and guide the deafblind passenger - where possible this
should be in writing.
Ensure the taxi firm has a contact number to call should there be any
problems - this could be both a number for those booking the car and/or a
person who is meeting the deafblind person.
For regular trips consider providing hardcopy map/directions together with a
contact number and an explanation of how to communicate with the
deafblind person.
SELECTING THE VENUE
Choosing a suitable venue and room for the meeting is important. The
following information will help you to identify the best facilities for your
meeting:
LIGHTING - Ensure the venue and meeting room are well lit -- overhead
lighting is best. Good lighting will help to facilitate
lip-reading, following sign language, reading of print and some deafblind
people's ability to move around independently.
DECOR - Light, plain floor covering and medium to dark furnishings will
also be an advantage. As with good lighting, this will aid reception of
visual communication and the independent mobility of some deafblind
people.
ACOUSTICS - Important for hard-of-hearing deafblind people, carpeted rooms
are preferable as they tend to be quieter and reduce echoing. Avoid using
rooms next to a busy road or other noisy environments.
INDUCTION LOOP - Check that this is available in any room to be used by
hearing aid users. If an induction loop is not already installed, you should
arrange to hire or install equipment.
SEATING - Should be suitable for interpreting. Chairs are best without
arms, should provide good back support, be comfortable, but not too soft.
Chairs should be loose with enough room to move them about to
accommodate different interpreting arrangements.
For manual interpreting such as deafblind manual and hands-on signing
the interpreter and deafblind person should both be sitting on chairs of the
same height. Keyboard interpreters should be provided with a proper typing
chair with adjustable seat height and back -- the table on which the
interpreter and deafblind person's equipment is to be placed must be the
correct height for typing and large enough to accommodate all equipment
and papers (including braille) comfortably.
In general it is better to have meetings round a table. This will make it
easier for people to refer to papers, including braille material. It will also
avoid the situation where those using interpreting equipment are isolated
sitting at a table separate from the rest of the meeting.
RESIDENTIAL EVENTS - Select a venue where everything can take place
under one roof, including accommodation. This will greatly enhance the
independent mobility of some deafblind people and remove the need for
people to guide them from one building to another throughout the event.
Holding the event under one roof will also save time which will otherwise be
spent transporting people between buildings.
DURATION OF MEETINGS - More time should be allowed for meetings with
deafblind people. Communication is generally much slower than between
sighted-hearing people and it is also necessary to allow time for interpreting
breaks. It is not possible here to prescribe how much extra time should be
allowed, since each deafblind person communicates at a different pace and it
will also depend upon the nature of the meeting. It is, however, suggested
as a general rule of thumb that:
No less than half an hour should be allocated for a meeting with a deafblind
person, and wherever possible, one hour should be set aside.
For a meeting normally lasting two hours for sighted and hearing
people an extra hour should be programmed.
When setting the agenda for a meeting, or a programme for a
conference, it is a good idea to also write in the half hourly interpreting
breaks. This will not only help to ensure that interpreting breaks happen, but
will also mean that the proceedings of the meeting are better refined and
planned to take place over a realistic period of time.
Meetings over lunch and continuing business during refreshment
breaks are not acceptable. Neither the interpreter nor the deafblind person
can work while eating or drinking. All business must cease at such times.
(interpreting breaks are as much for deafblind people as for interpreters.
Receiving and following manual is extremely tiring).
INFORMING AND CORRESPONDING WITH DEAFBLIND PEOPLE
Deafblind people will need to be kept informed of meeting dates
and arrangements, and to receive copies of any written materials
relating to the meeting in a format they can access.
Providing information in the appropriate format is the responsibility of
those organising the meeting or event. Any information being sent to
sighted-hearing people should be sent to deafblind people at the same time.
Papers for the meeting, such as the agenda, should be sent to deafblind
people at least one working week before the date of the meeting. This is
to make sure they have time to read papers before attending the meeting.
If it is found that a deafblind person is unable to access written
information in any format, they will need to be contacted by other
means. This may, in some cases, include a home visit to inform them of the
meeting, outlining its purpose and other information.
For advice on producing and obtaining large print and braille documents,
please see the sheet on braille included in this guide. **
Once the interpreter booking has been confirmed, copies of
agendas and accompanying papers, maps and other details should be
forwarded to the interpreter. This will give them a better understanding of
the assignment so that they can provide a more effective service.
Interpreters are not responsible for transcribing materials into
large print or braille for the deafblind person. Nor will there be time for
the interpreter to read out papers to the deafblind person before or during the
meeting. The organiser must make separate arrangements for
papers to be supplied to the deafblind person, at least one working week
prior to the event, in their preferred format.
Code of Practice:
Meetings Involving Deafblind People
This Code of Practice has been written to meet the needs of
deafblind people taking part in meetings of all kinds, including committees,
conferences, interviews and small private meetings. It aims to ensure that
they have equal access to written information, to the proceedings and to all
those present.
The code is also designed to ensure that deafblind people will
have every opportunity to contribute to and participate in the meeting.
Before the meeting begins everyone attending, including the Chair, should
receive a copy of this Code, have read it and understood its content.
A copy of the Code should be kept for reference at the meeting. The Chair
will be responsible for ensuring the code is adhere to.
All papers, including an agenda, should be circulated to all
members in their preferred medium at least five working days prior to the
meeting.
Papers should not be tabled at the meeting unless this is absolutely
necessary. If they are, they should be available in preferred media for all
members, and time set aside for all to read them before discussion. If papers
>every not available in all the necessary media, time will need to be
given for such papers to be read out to those who do not have a copy to
read. If the paper is too long or there is not enough time for it to be
read out, the paper should be withdrawn.
Everyone should be conversant with the CACDP Deafblind Interpreter's Code
of Practice (manual). (A copy is included at the end
of this guide.) In particular they should remember that:
Interpreters are present only to relay the spoken and visual content,
together with the spirit and atmosphere of the meeting, and will not
otherwise participate in the proceedings, unless this has been specifically
agreed with the deafblind person they are supporting.
Interpreters should not be asked questions or for their opinion where these
relates to the deafblind person or the subject of the meeting. Such questions
should be addressed to the deafblind person directly.
Interpreters have the right to ask members of the meeting to speak slower,
more clearly, repeat, or rephrase something they have said.
Interpreters are entitled to a minimum five minute break every
half an hour, during which time they should not be asked to undertake other
duties.
At the commencement of the meeting, the Chair should ask each person to
introduce themselves by name. Interpreters will relay the names of
those present to deafblind people and indicate where each person is sitting.
In large meetings the Chair should ask each person to say their name before
contributing -- this will make it easier for interpreters to indicate who is
speaking.
People will be asked to speak one at a time. It is not acceptable for people
to interrupt each other as this makes it impossible to interpret.
It is important, both for interpreters and those who are hard-of-hearing,
that people speak clearly, slowly and in short and concise sentences.
Before moving on to the next item on the agenda, the Chair should
ensure that deafblind people present have nothing further to say under the
current item before moving on.
If something is to be voted on, the chair must make sure that
deafblind people present have received a full explanation and are ready to
participate in the vote before it begins. If a vote goes ahead before a
deafblind person is ready, the result should be declared invalid and a second
vote taken.
When a person responds to a question or comment made by a deafblind
person, time for the interpreter to finish relaying the response and for
the deafblind person to answer should be allowed before further discussion
takes place.
If a deafblind person needs to refer to papers, proceedings should pause.
Interpreters may assist with diaries and taking down the occasional note,
providing this is not while interpreting or during their break. If notes of
the meeting need to be taken then separate arrangements must be made for
a note taker to attend or a member of the meeting to assist.
Braille and Large Print Information:
Deafblindness is a very individual disability and no two people
will have exactly the same communication and information needs. The way
a deafblind person communicates and the format in which they require
written information depends on their combined sight and hearing impairment
and the age of onset.
Many deafblind people find that newspapers, television, radio and
other sources of information are inaccessible. However, deafblindness
need not be such an isolating disability. There are many practical ways by
which information can be made more accessible.
Before selecting a format, however, it is essential to check with the
deafblind person first to establish in what format they require information.
Below we outline some of the practical ways of making information
more accessible:
BRAILLE
Braille is a system of raised dots which can be read by touch
using patterns to represent letters and numbers. There are two types of
braille: Grade 1 -- a letter for letter transcription, and Grade 2 -- a shorthand
version for more experienced braille readers.
Braille can be produced by using specialist software and a braille printer
connected to a PC. Almost anything can be brailled and produced
in-house, although tables and charts will need to be rewritten in a paragraph
format. There are also braille transcription service.
LARGE PRINT
Many deafblind people can read ink print.
12 point is the minimum size recommended, with 14 and 16 point generally
being used for large print. Larger fonts can be used if the deafblind person
needs larger print. Always check with the individual what size font they
require.
Large print can easily be created on most word processing systems
by increasing the font size.
Other measures to improve visibility of print information are:
Avoid thin or glossy types of paper.
Ensure good contrast between the print and the background.
Avoid light type weights and unusual fonts. A plain bold print
style such as ** Helvetica is best.
Do not print text over illustrations or photographs.
Avoid printing text in block capital letters.
Use short sentences and paragraphs as much as possible.
Maintain even word spacing and only use left justify.
MOON
Moon is a simpler alternative to braille. It is a tactile system based on letter
shapes. It is not widely used but can be easier to learn, particularly for those
people who have lost sensitivity in their fingers. There are agencies who can
transcribe text into Moon. **
AUDIO TAPES
Audio tapes can be used by some deafblind people who have sufficient
hearing.
Tapes can easily and cheaply be produced in-house with desktop
recorders and microphones. Quality is important. Ensure that the voice used
is clear and the pace steady (but not fast) and that there is no background
noise.
Professional services are also available.
Email
Many deafblind people use computers - often with special magnification,
speech synthesizers or braille displays. For such people email will often be
the easiest way to communicate with them.
CD AND DVD
Information on CD or DVD may also be accessible. making sure that your
sending files in a format the individual can access is most important here.
Bear in mind that pictures, charts and other graphics will not be accessible to
braille readers.
Websites
Some deafblind people with PC's can access websites. Surfing may take
much longer for them than it would for a sighted person. If you want a
deafblind person to have access to something on a website it may be helpful
to cut and paste it into an email and send it to them directly.
TEXT PHONES AND TYPETALK
There are also telecommunication methods of communicating and providing
information:
TEXT TELEPHONES
Some deafblind people have access to the telephone through a PC linked
to a modem. This system is similar to the Uniphone system used by deaf
people, except that the deafblind person uses a braille display or screen
magnification.
If you have a uniphone or other textphone and know the deafblind person
has also got a textphone you can textphone them direct.
If you do not have access to a textphone you can still phone them via
Typetalk from any voice phone.
What is TYPETALK and how do I use it?
Typetalk is the National Telephone Relay Service which enables
textphone users to talk with hearing people anywhere in the world over the
phone. The link is made between the textphone user and hearing person by
a specially trained Typetalk operator.
To call a deafblind person via Typetalk just dial 18002 before their phone
number and you will hear the Typetalk operator on the line once the call is
answered. (Even if you are making a local call you must dial the full number
of the person you are calling including the std code). For example, if John
Smith's number is 01234 123456 you would dial 18002 01234 123456.
Typetalk is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. There is no extra
charge for using the Typetalk service via the 18002 number. In fact your
call will be cheaper than if you called the deafblind person directly.
For more information about Typetalk call 0800 7311 888 (voice>
0800 500 888 (text). or visit www.typetalk.org
Sample Deafblind Support Service booking form
We suggest you use this form when booking deafblind support services
Deafblind Support Service Booking Form
the following abbrivations are used: Deafblind Support (dbs) Deafblind
Support Services (DBSS), Deafblind Support Worker (DBSW).
Agency or Organisation Name
Name of person completing this form
Your phone number (voice) (text)
Address:
Where applicable your account number or budget code for invoicing:
date of assignment:
Time of commencement of the assignment:
Time the assignment is to end:
Type of DBS required:
(please tick appropriate box for communication method. If the user requires
guiding please also tick the linked guiding box
BSL still SSE "communication level" "interpreter" "with guiding"
Visual frame BSL still SSE "communication level" "interpreter" "with
guiding"
Hands-on BSL still SSE "communication level" "interpreter" "with guiding"
Deaf Relay Interpreter BSL still SSE Lip Speaker
Deafblind manual "communication level" "interpreter" "with guiding"
Speech to Text "communication level" "interpreter" "with guiding"
Clear Speech communication "with guiding"
Other please specify
sex of DBSW required: "male "female" "unspecified"
Name of service user:
Type of assignment - ie: Shopping, Recreational, Medical, Lawyer etc):
If you wish to book a named or preferred person(s) please enter
name(s)
addresses and phone numbers here
Travel Form
If the service user is to be guided to, from and/or during the
assignment please complete the following section
The DBSW will be required to guide the user from the following address:
Meeting at:
To travel to:
Arriving by:
At the end of the assignment the user will be dropped off at the following
address:
End time:
During this assignment the DBSW will travel by:
Foot Bus Train Taxi Own Car Plane Boat.